- Cover
- Copyright
- Table of Contents
- Chapter 1 - Radiographic Interpretation and the Radiographer Interpreter [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Radiography and Weld Process Control
- Radiography Is Not an Exact Science
- Key Elements of an Effective Radiographic Examination
- Qualification Requirements of the Radiographic Interpreter [Go to Page]
- Education
- Training
- Experience
- Examinations
- Visual Acuity
- History of Radiography
- Today’s State of Radiography
- Radiography in the Future
- Producing the Radiograph
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Radiography [Go to Page]
- Advantages of Radiography
- Disadvantages of Radiography
- Chapter 1 Review Questions
- Chapter 1 Answer Key
- Chapter 2 - Radiation and Radiographic Image Formation [Go to Page]
- The Basic Radiographic Process [Go to Page]
- Electromagnetic Radiation
- The Atom
- Generation of X-rays
- Radiation Energy and Intensity
- X-ray Equipment
- Comparison of X-ray and Gamma Ray Equipment
- Radioactive Isotopes and Their Characteristics
- Energy Levels
- Radiation Intensity
- Source Activity
- Half Life
- Source Exposure Devices
- Comparing Gamma Rays
- Interaction of Radiation with Matter [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Absorption
- Photoelectric Effect
- Compton Effect
- Pair Production
- Chapter 2 Review Questions
- Chapter 2 Answer Key
- Chapter 3 - Radiographic Film Processing and Viewing [Go to Page]
- Structure of Industrial X-ray Film [Go to Page]
- Film Base
- Adhesive Layer
- Emulsion
- Protective Layer
- Types of Film [Go to Page]
- Film Storage
- Film Packaging [Go to Page]
- Boxed Films
- Envelope Packed
- Roll Pack (Ready Pack
- Darkrooms and Film Processing [Go to Page]
- The Darkroom
- Film Processing
- Manual Processing
- Developer
- Fixer
- Wash
- Drying
- Automatic Processing
- Archiving of Radiographs
- Film Viewing Equipment and Conditions
- Chapter 3 Review Questions
- Chapter 3 Answer Key
- Chapter
- Chapter 4 - Welding Processes [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Welding Processes [Go to Page]
- Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW
- Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW
- Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW
- Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW
- Submerged Arc Welding (SAW
- Safety in the Welding Area
- Chapter 4 Review Questions
- Chapter 4 Answer Key
- Chapter 5 - Weld Joint Design and Terminology [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Types of Joints
- Elements of the Weld Joint
- Types of Welds [Go to Page]
- Groove Welds
- Fillet Welds
- Elements of Completed Welds [Go to Page]
- Terms Relating to Groove Welds
- Terms Relating to Fillet Welds
- Terms Relating to Weld Fusion
- Terms Relating to Weld Penetration
- Terms Relating to Fillet Weld Size
- Summary
- Chapter 5 Review Questions
- Chapter 5 Answer Key
- Chapter 6 - Weld and Base Metal Discontinuities and Casting Discontinuities [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Common Discontinuities [Go to Page]
- Cracks
- Underbead Cracking
- Incomplete Fusion
- Incomplete Joint Penetration
- Inclusions
- Undercut
- Underfill
- Weld Reinforcement
- Arc Strikes
- Spatter
- Casting Discontinuities [Go to Page]
- Gas Porosity
- Sand and Slag Inclusions
- Shrinkage
- Cracks
- Hot Tears
- Inserts
- Mottling
- Other Conditions
- Cold Shuts
- Core Shift
- Misruns
- Surface Irregularities
- Chapter 6 Review Questions
- Chapter 6 Answer Key
- Chapter 7 - Factors Affecting Radiographic Sensitivity [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Radiographic Sensitivity [Go to Page]
- Radiographic Contrast
- Radiographic Density
- Radiographic Definition [Go to Page]
- Subject Contrast
- Radiation Energy
- Thickness Variations
- Density Variations
- Scatter Radiation
- Film Contrast
- Film Type
- Processing
- Radiographic Density and the Film Characteristic Curve
- Intensifying Screens
- Radiographic Definition
- Geometric Factors
- Geometric Unsharpness
- Focal Spot or Source Size
- Source-to-Film Distance (SFD
- Object-to-film distance (OFD
- Screen/Film Contact
- Motion
- Film Graininess
- Radiation Energy
- Intensifying Screens [Go to Page]
- Film Processing
- Image Quality Indicators (Penetrameters
- Types of Image Quality Indicators
- Hole Type Image Quality Indicators
- Wire Type Image Quality Indicators
- Selection of IQI
- Placement of IQI
- Chapter 7 Review Questions
- Chapter 7 Answer Key
- Chapter 8 - Radiographic Techniques and Exposure Calculations [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Establishing a Technique [Go to Page]
- Source of Radiation
- Test Specimen Characteristics
- Required Sensitivity
- Film Type
- Single Film vs. Multiple Film Techniques
- Intensifying Screens
- Energy Level
- Geometric Arrangement
- Geometric Unsharpness
- Exposure Arrangements [Go to Page]
- Layout of Weld for Radiography
- X-ray Exposure Calculations
- Gamma Ray Exposure Calculations
- Determination of Defect Depth
- Stereoradiography
- Parallax Technique
- Summary
- Chapter 8 Review Questions
- Chapter 8 Answer Key
- Chapter 9 - Reading the Radiograph [Go to Page]
- Three Major Aspects of Radiographic Film Interpretation [Go to Page]
- Determine the Quality
- Analyze the Image
- Interpretation of Indications [Go to Page]
- False Indications (Film Artifacts
- Artifacts Occurring Before Processing
- Artifacts Occurring during Processing
- Artifacts Occurring after Processing
- Nonrelevant Indications
- Relevant Indications
- Report the Results [Go to Page]
- Summary
- Chapter 9 – Review Questions
- Chapter 9 Answer Key
- Chapter 10 - Radiation Safety [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Radiation: What Is It
- Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation
- What Is the Effect of Radiation
- Who Is Responsible
- How Can Exposure to Radiation Be Minimized
- Time
- Distance
- Shielding
- Things to Remember
- Personnel Monitoring [Go to Page]
- Film Badges
- Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs
- Pocket Dosimeters
- Alarming Rate Meter
- Survey Meters
- Posting of Restricted Areas
- Summary
- Chapter 10 Review Questions
- Chapter 10 Answer Key
- Glossary of Terms Relating to Radiography [Go to Page]